Rapid Diagnostics for Upper Respiratory Infections in the Emergency Department

This is a randomized clinical trial to assess the effect of rapid, near point-of-care testing
for multiple common respiratory viruses and bacteria on antibiotic and anti-influenza
medication use in emergency department (ED) patients with symptoms of influenza-like illness
(ILI) and/or upper respiratory infection (URI). The intervention is a rapid,
multi-respiratory pathogen nucleic acid amplification panel test (FilmArray Respiratory
Panel; BioFire Diagnostics, LLC) with clinical result reporting within two hours of sample
collection. Randomization is at the individual patient level. Intervention patients will
receive usual care plus the rapid multi-respiratory pathogen test. Control patients will
receive physician-directed usual care without the rapid, multi-respiratory pathogen test,
which may include but is not limited to no testing, point-of-care influenza testing, or
delayed testing for multiple respiratory pathogens at an off-site laboratory. The primary
outcome is antibiotic administration or prescription during the initial ED episode of care.
The investigators primary hypothesis is that rapid multi-respiratory pathogen testing will be
associated with a ≥15% reduction in antibiotic use in intervention patients, relative to
control patients (usual care). The investigators secondary outcome is administration or
prescription of antivirals during the initial ED episode of care. The investigators secondary
hypothesis is that rapid multi-respiratory pathogen testing will improve anti-influenza
medication use in intervention patients (composite rate of anti-influenza treatment in
positive patients and non-use of anti-influenza treatment in negative patients), relative to
control patients receiving usual care alone.