Student Athlete Testing Using Random Notification

This proposal is designed to address the increase in drug use among adolescent athletes by
studying a school-based version of the random, no-advance warning drug testing program used
by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC). High school athletes are a large group,
comprising 50% of their school's enrollment. They have a high rate of substance abuse
behaviors similar to the general school population, and an even higher use of 'ergrogenic'
(athletic enhancing) drugs. Recognizing the high rate of substance abuse among young
athletes and their 'role model' effect on other students, the U.S. Supreme Court recently
upheld an Oregon School Districts' policy to randomly drug test students engaged in
school-sponsored sports. Drug testing has the potential to deter adolescent substance abuse.
It is gender-neutral, without ethnic bias and provides a potentially powerful environmental
influence. However, despite its legality and theorized effectiveness, schools are
implementing drug surveillance without the benefit of randomized, prospective efficacy
research.

Focusing on adolescent athletes provides a unique opportunity to study the prevention effect
of drug testing. All sports teams in 24 schools who agree to implement mandatory testing as
school policy but have never implemented this policy, will be randomly assigned by school,
to three years of either: 1) random, no-advance warning drug testing or 2) a 3-year control
period without testing. Selection of students for drug testing will be random, with no
exclusions for having been previously tested. State-of-the-art testing will include
physician specimen collectors under the direction of research physicians (PI & Co-I), who
are Certified USOC Drug Surveillance Crew Chiefs, with specimen analysis at the UCLA Olympic
Laboratory using the most accurate analytical techniques to minimize false negative
(reducing policy integrity) and false positive (mislabeling students) results. Confidential
questionnaires will be completed by student-athletes twice yearly to assess risk and
protective factors for drug use and assess self-reported substance abuse. The role model
effect of the surveillance program on nonathletes' drug use will be assessed twice yearly by
anonymous survey. We will determine the effect of drug testing policy on: 1) adolescent drug
use mediators, 2) actual drug use behaviors of student-athletes and their non-athlete peers,
and 3) potential gender and demographic differences. Reliability of subjective questionnaire
responses will be assessed by comparisons with objective drug test results. Study findings
will assist school districts and education agencies evaluate, guide, and implement future
drug prevention policy decisions.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Schools without previous drug and alcohol testing policies, willing to design and
implement a drug and alcohol policy conforming to the United States Supreme Court Decision
(Acton v Vernonia, willing to be randomized to an active drug testing or control (deferred
testing) condition, and agreement of school district school board and principals

Exclusion Criteria:

- Schools with current alcohol or drug testing policy, unwillingness to be randomized to
control and drug testing