Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) and Diagnostic Bronchoscopy

Inclusion Criteria:

- Patients presenting for diagnostic bronchoscopy

Exclusion Criteria:

- Patients with significantly decreased myocardial function (ejection fraction < 50%)

- Patients with abnormal cardiac rhythm and conduction abnormalities, except for
patients with isolated, asymptomatic premature atrial and ventricular contractions.

- Patients with significant peripheral vascular disease, such as those with the symptoms
of intermittent claudication.

- Patients with known significant cerebrovascular disease, such as history of
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

- Patients with significant renal insufficiency, as manifested by estimated glomerular
filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

- Patients with electrolyte (K+, Ca++) abnormalities, as determined by the lab values
outside of a normal range.

- Patients with the history or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure or reduced
intracranial compliance (e.g. headaches, nausea and vomiting, visual changes, mental
changes).

- Patients with skull base defects.

- Patients with pulmonary hypertension who have pulmonary artery pressures above the
normal range.

- Patients with significant chronic obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, as
manifested by known history of baseline chronic hypoxia and/or hypercapnia, and/or
baseline room air SpO2 < 95%.

- Obese patients with BMI above 35 kg/m2.

- Patients with severe and poorly controlled gastroesophageal reflux disease despite
medical treatment.

- Patients with hiatal hernia and full stomach patients.

- Patients on immunosuppressive medications.

- Patient's refusal to participate in the study.

- Patients who do not understand English or mentally handicapped.

- Pregnant or breastfeeding patients.