Recruiting African American Fathers/ Sons

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
are a health problem for all adolescents, regardless of race. Presently, there are nearly
110 million cases of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the United States. Annually,
there are more than 19.7 million new STI cases, of which half are accounted for by youth. Of
those, more than half are accounted for by youth ages 15 to 24 years. However, Black males
between the ages of 13 and 17 are disproportionately affected by STIs such as chlamydia,
gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS; they currently account for 50% of HIV infections among
all youth. Additionally, the rate of HIV infection among young black gay or bisexual men is
twice that of young white men. Researchers have pointed to the need to involve Black men who
are fathers in interventions to decrease the epidemic of STIs and HIV among Black adolescent
boys. However, youth-focused interventions from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) include only one intervention with a focus on the father and son as a dyad.
Thus more research is clearly needed with this focus, but challenges with recruitment need
to first be addressed. Challenges in recruiting Black men for health research are reflected
in efforts by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to promote research that includes
minorities and in particular Black fathers. Barriers to research participation include
ongoing distrust of health researchers because of the historic failing of the medical field
in the Tuskegee syphilis study of rural Black men; this occurred more than 47 years ago but
still remains important today. Barriers also include lack of knowledge of the benefits of
research. Because of this lack of participation of Black men in research we have only
limited understanding of their perceptions of many health issues. In order to involve this
population in research, barriers and challenges to their involvement must be overcome. One
way to begin this is to engage with leaders in their communities, to effectively communicate
research objectives and begin building trusting relationships. Establishing relationships
with community leaders can facilitate recruitment in research and help to overcome some of
the barriers and challenges for Black men. Important elements of building those
relationships include discussing research procedures, hypotheses, pilot data, and plans to
bring results of research back to the community for future utilization. This proposed study
will therefore seek to implement these elements of trust with local barbers and barbershops.
In the Black community, barbers have been identified as community leaders and a great
recruiting source for work on health promotion and disease prevention in the areas of
hypertension and prostate cancer. However, few studies have used barbershops for sexual
health related content focusing on Black fathers and their adolescent boys.

To create a successful recruitment process for Black men and their sons, a strategic plan of
action is necessary prior to implementing a study. The first step is to gain a deeper
understanding of effective strategies to include Black men in research. Therefore, the
proposed pilot study will develop and test the feasibility of a recruitment process for
Black men who are fathers and their adolescent sons, using barbershops and barbers as
recruiters and advocates. Barbers will be assessed for their willingness to serve as
recruiters and advocates for sexual health related studies involving Black fathers and their
adolescent sons, and their ideas for recruitment for this group. With this information we
will develop and pilot a recruitment strategy, to be used in a future qualitative study:
Assessing Black fathers' attitudes towards discussing sexual health with their adolescent
son and Assessing Black adolescent boys' attitudes towards their father as a sexual health
educator. This future study will identify fathers' attitudes towards their adolescent sons
and sex and major influences on sexual behaviors of adolescent boys, identify fathers'
perspectives on what and who is important to include in an intervention focused on STI and
HIV prevention, develop a survey tool to assess a larger sample of African American fathers
for a future study, and gain adolescent males' perspectives on the role of their fathers in
their sexual health. Research has suggested that clear communication between Black parents
and their youth about sexual health is associated with higher rates of sexual abstinence,
condom use, and intent to delay initiation of sexual intercourse, which can prevent
infectious diseases. However, barriers exist for parents in educating their youth about
sexual health, including lack of knowledge and discomfort in talking about safe sex.
Further, little research has been conducted specifically on the parental role of Black
fathers in educating their sons. This study will identify the best strategies for recruiting
Black fathers and their sons for research on the parental role of Black fathers in helping
their sons avoid risky sex.

- barbershop inclusion includes:

- serving a predominantly young to middle age, Black clientele

- willingness to recruit barbers at each shop to participate in a 2-hour focus
group session.

- Inclusion criteria for barbers:

- a full time barber

- age 18 years or older

- willing to participate in a 2-hour focus group session

- able to provide written consent

- serving primarily young to middle age Black males.

- Fathers are selected by the following inclusion criteria:

- self-identification as Black or African American

- father of an adolescent male child age 11-18 (father in this study will be
defined as biological father, stepfather, or father by adoption)

- residence in or outside of the home

- a consistent relationship with son (defined as communicating with son at least
weekly)

- willingness to participate in a 2-hour focus group session, and written consent.