Breathing-Induced Myocardial Oxygenation Reserve

This is a clinical trial to test the clinical feasibility and safety of a novel CMR protocol.
It aims to investigate a new Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) technique, called
oxygenation-sensitive CMR (OS-CMR).

OS-CMR is a T2*-sensitive CMR sequence based on the so-called blood-oxygen-level-dependent
(BOLD) effect. Because de-oxygenated hemoglobin acts as an endogenous paramagnetic contrast
agent, the signal intensity (SI) in OS-CMR images is linearly correlated with hemoglobin
oxygenation in the tissue. An increase in deoxyhemoglobin results in an drop in SI in OS-CMR
images, while an increase in tissue oxygenation results in an increase in SI.

Therefore, OS-CMR has been found capable of assessing myocardial oxygenation and is being
increasingly used to identify the vascular response of the coronary circulation to different
stimuli.

Very recently, OS-CMR was used to identify the coronary vascular response to specific
breathing maneuvers. Specifically, a marked increase of myocardial oxygenation was observed
during a long breath-hold following a 60s period of hyperventilation. The combination of
these two maneuvers appear to induce consistent and detectable changes of myocardial
oxygenation, based on CO2-mediated coronary vasoconstriction and vasodilation, while being
well tolerated by participants.

In this study, the investigators will use breathing maneuvers as coronary vasoactive stimuli
to assess the myocardial oxygenation changes induced by such maneuvers with OS-CMR.

The investigators aim to assess if the breathing-induced relative increase of myocardial
oxygenation (Breathing-induced Myocardial Oxygenation REserve, B-MORE) in a coronary
territory is clinically feasible to serve as a marker for the severity of coronary artery
stenosis.

Moreover, the investigators will assess the feasibility and safety of OS-CMR with breathing
maneuvers in patients with suspected coronary artery disease in a multi-center setting.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Age > 18 y

- Informed consent as documented by signature (Appendix Informed Consent Form)

- Indication for invasive coronary angiography based on symptoms and a test positive for
inducible coronary ischemia

- One-vessel or two-vessel CAD at coronary angiography (For healthy volunteers: absence
of current or pre-existing cardiovascular and lung disease and absence of medication
with cardiovascular effects)

Exclusion Criteria:

- General MRI contraindications (i.e pacemakers, defibrillating wires, implanted
defibrillators, intracranial aneurysm clips, metallic foreign bodies in the eyes,
knowledge or suspicion of pregnancy)

- Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) or other acute cardiac injury within 4 weeks

- Previous myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery
bypass surgery

- Hemodynamically unstable conditions

- Significant or uncontrolled arrhythmias

- Lack of ability to follow commands

- Vasoactive medication (e.g. nitro or ß blockers) or nutrition with caffeine (coffee,
tea, cocoa, chocolate, "energy drink") during the 12 h before the exam

- Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

- Severe Pulmonary Disease