Randomized Evaluation of a Multi-Component, Rights-Based Sexuality Education Initiative for High School Students

This study examines the effectiveness of the Sexuality Education Initiative (SEI), a
comprehensive, multi-component, rights-based sexuality education program developed and
implemented by Planned Parenthood Los Angeles for high school students. The primary goal of
the SEI is to improve the sexual and reproductive health of youth attending Los Angeles high
schools. The SEI consists of four intervention components: (1) a 12-session gender-sensitive,
rights-based, comprehensive sexuality education curriculum, (2) a peer education and advocacy
component, (3) a parent education component, and (4) clinical services linkages.

- The 12-session gender-sensitive, rights-based classroom curriculum covers anatomy,
abstinence, contraception and protection, STIs and HIV/AIDS, media messages, gender,
relationships, rights and responsibilities, pregnancy, sexuality, peer pressure,
negotiation and coercion, and decision making.

- The peer education and advocacy component recruits, trains and supervises students
through an after-school leadership program to serve as school-wide resources to their
peers, organize health events at school, and refer students to school-based clinic
services.

- The parent education component consists of a series of sessions for parents, covering
reproductive health, teen pregnancy, and parent-teen communication, together with a
parent education booklet for widespread use.

- The in-school clinical services component provides "clinic without walls" health
services on campus, including pregnancy and STI testing, contraceptive consultation and
prescriptions, condom distribution, counseling, and referrals. It also trains teachers
and school staff to distribute condoms to students as needed.

The evaluation design involves two levels of randomization: First, all schools are randomized
into one of two conditions: receiving all three SEI school wide components (peer, parent,
clinical services) or receiving only one of these three school wide components (clinical
services). Schools are randomized within matched pairs of demographically similar schools.
Second, within each school, classrooms are randomized into one of two conditions: a basic
3-session sex education curriculum (control) or the 12-session SEI curriculum (intervention).
Thus, all participating 9th grade students will receive at least three sexuality education
curriculum sessions and access to on-site clinic services.

The primary research questions for the evaluation are:

1. Is the 12-session SEI gender-sensitive, rights-based sexuality education curriculum more
effective than a 3-session comparison curriculum in reducing risk of unwanted pregnancy
and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among high school students?

2. Is the full comprehensive program (all four components as a package) more effective than
the two-component comparison condition (only the 3-session comparison curriculum and the
clinical services linkages) in reducing risk of teen pregnancies and STIs?

The first hypothesis is that the 12-session SEI gender-sensitive, rights-based curriculum is
more effective than the 3-session comparison curriculum in improving sexual health outcomes
(as defined in section 7) among program participants one year after participation in the
program. The second hypothesis is that the full SEI program (all four components as a
package) is more effective than the comparison condition (only the 3-session comparison
curriculum and the clinical services linkages) in improving sexual health outcomes one year
after participation.

In addition to addressing these questions using the designated primary and secondary
outcomes, this study will examine changes in the following short-term outcomes that measure
critical concepts being addressed by the curriculum and serve as the hypothesized mediators
in the SEI theory of change:

- Attitudes about rights in sexual relationships

- Communication about relationships, rights and sexuality with partners

- Communication about relationships, rights and sexuality with parents/ guardians

- Access to accurate information about sexuality and sexual health

- Knowledge about sex, sexuality and sexual risk protection

- Self-efficacy to assert sexual limits and manage risky situations

- Intentions to protect self from sexual risk

- Awareness of sexual and reproductive health services

Inclusion Criteria:

- 9th grade student at a participating high school in East or South Los Angeles

- Written parent/guardian consent and student assent to participate

Exclusion Criteria: