PPG Project 3 - PET/MRI of the Brain-hematopoiesis-atherosclerosis Axis in PTSD Patients

In Project 3, the study team will employ innovative PET combined with magnetic resonance
imaging (PET/MRI) to simultaneously study the hematopoietic system, the artery wall, and the
brain's fear system, which comprises the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), to
elucidate the relationship between psychosocial stress and systemic
inflammation/atherosclerosis in a two center clinical study looking at: I) individuals with
PTSD, II) individuals without PTSD but with exposure to severe psychosocial trauma (Trauma
Control), and III) matched volunteers with neither PTSD nor exposure to trauma (Healthy
Control). Participants in the three study groups, recruited from urban settings in New York
and Boston, will be group-matched by age, gender, and Framingham risk scores (FRS). The study
team will recruit 80 subjects in each group and in Aim 1, investigate the relationship
between PTSD and atherosclerotic inflammation and burden measured by PET/MRI. In Aim 2, the
study team will examine the relationships between brain's fear circuit responsiveness to
threat assessed by functional MRI (fMRI) and white matter integrity assessed by diffusion
tensor imaging (DTI) and relate these data to hematopoietic system activation, and vascular
inflammation measured by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and atherosclerotic burden measured by
MRI.

The following will occur during the imaging visit:

1. Questionnaire: study staff will administer a standardized questionnaire to collect
general information on age, gender, race, and current contact information. A PET/MRI
pre-screening form will also be administered to confirm eligibility for the PET/MRI
scan. This questionnaire is specific to the PET/MRI scan.

2. Blood pressure: One blood pressure reading, taken in the dominant arm, will be performed
per the American Heart Association recommendations.

3. Anthropometrics: Body weight and height will be measured according to standard methods
and body mass index will be calculated as an index for obesity. Waist circumference will
also be measured.

4. Blood draw: approximately 3 tablespoons of blood will be drawn to evaluate clinical
variables.

5. Imaging at Mount Sinai or Massachusetts General Hospital: A Positron Emission
Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) scan

6. Urine drug screen

7. C-SSRS safety assessment

Inclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria for Group 1 (PTSD Subjects)

- Male or female aged 30-65 years;

- Meets DSM-V criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from at least three
years prior to enrollment (as assessed using the SCID and the CAPS);

- Participants must have a level of understanding of the English language sufficient to
agree to all tests and examinations required by the study and must be able to
participate fully in the informed consent process.

Inclusion for Group 2 (Trauma Control Subjects)

- Male or female aged 30-65 years;

- Meets DSM-V criteria A of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from at least three
years prior to enrollment, without satisfying criteria for a PTSD diagnoses according
to the DSM-V (as assessed using the SCID);

- Participants must have a level of understanding of the English language sufficient to
agree to all tests and examinations required by the study and must be able to
participate fully in the informed consent process.

Inclusion criteria for Group 3 (Healthy Control Subjects)

- Male or female aged 30-65 years;

- Does not meet for any current or past psychiatric diagnoses as defined by DSM-V
criteria;

- Participants must have a level of understanding of the English language sufficient to
agree to all tests and examinations required by the study and must be able to
participate fully in the informed consent process.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Clinical history of atherosclerotic disease (prior myocardial infarction, stroke,
peripheral artery disease)

- Clinical history or presence of significant central nervous system and neurological
diseases (e.g., TBI, multiple sclerosis)

- History of class 3 or 4 heart failure, severe life-threatening arrhythmia (e.g.,
ventricular tachycardia) or severe mitral or aortic valvular disease Current, primary
psychiatric disorder other than PTSD,

- History or current schizophrenia or primary psychotic disorders (e.g. schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorder)

- Suicidal ideation with any intent or plan as measured by a Columbia Suicide Severity
Rating Scale [C-SSRS] score of greater than 3 during the past month at the time of
screening

- Current or history of a major cognitive disorder or evidence of cognitive impairment
as assessed by a score of the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) of <24

- Substance Use Disorder within the past 6 months;

- Hypnotic medications used PRN are allowed except within 24 hours of the scan
assessment day (V1)

- Benzodiazepine medications used PRN (not to exceed 2 mg of lorazepam daily) are
allowed except within 12 hours of the scan assessment day (V1)

- Positive urine-toxicology (u-tox) screening for illicit substances at assessment day

- Alcohol consumption above the NIAA cut-off for moderate alcohol intake (maximum 14
drinks for men and 7 drinks for women per week)

- Concomitant use of high intensity statins (atorvastatin ≥ 40 mg/day; rosuvastatin > 20
mg/day; pitavastatin ≥ 2 mg/day)

- Concomitant systemically-administered anti-inflammatory agents for chronic
inflammatory conditions (e.g., methotrexate or anti-inflammatory biologics). On the
other hand, NSAIDS, aspirin, and topical or inhaled steroids are permitted;

- Chronic inflammatory conditions including but not limited to psoriasis and rheumatoid
arthritis;

- Clinically significant abnormalities of laboratories or advanced systemic disease
(i.e. malignancy); specific cutoffs include:

- A value of >52 for high-sensitivity troponin (however a value between 13 and 52 will
need PI clearance); a threshold of .03 and .01 respectively, for older generation
troponin

- Leukopenia: WBC <4.0

- HsCRP >10

- EGFR <60

- Known or active liver disease with AST/ALT >3 times the ULN, Bil >2 times the ULN

- Coagulation abnormalities such as INR >1.1, aPTT >34.9 (unless subject is on
anticoagulation therapy)

- Type 1 diabetes

- Type 2 diabetes AND HbA1C > 7.5;

- Women who are pregnant;

- Any contraindications to MRI, including claustrophobia, any trauma or surgery which
may have left magnetic material in the body, magnetic implants or pacemakers, and
inability to lie still for 1 hour or more.