Genomic Basis of Neurodevelopmental and Brain Outcomes in Congenital Heart Disease (CHD Brain and Genes)

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects in whom whole exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing has already been
performed, either during the CHD GENES study or, for new centers (Utah or
USCF/Stanford), after trios in existing biobanks undergo analysis by whole exome
sequencing or whole genome sequencing during the Pediatric Cardiac Genomic Consortium
2 grant cycle

2. Presence of deleterious mutations (damaging de novo mutations or stringently defined
deleterious missense mutations) identified on sequencing (Cases) OR absence of such
known deleterious mutations (Controls)

3. Males or females, age ≥8 years

4. Diagnosis of congenital heart disease

5. Informed consent obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of cardiac transplant

2. A cardiac surgical procedure within 6 months of enrollment

3. Known clinical genetic syndrome, characterized as a monogenic condition with an
identified gene associated with abnormalities of the brain structure or function,
structural heart disease, and potentially other associated features.

4. Presence of CNV known to be clinically pathogenic. Variants will be classified as
pathogenic using accepted types of variant evidence (e.g., population data,
computational data, functional data, segregation data) as detailed in the American
College of Medical Genetics and Genomics " Standards and Guidelines for the
interpretation of sequence variants" (Richards et al, GIM 2015).

5. Overwhelming acquired brain injury, such as a major stroke or severe ischemic injury,
that would overshadow the effect of a genetic mutation on outcome in the opinion of
the center investigator

6. Lack of reading fluency in English or Spanish