Implementing a Participatory, Multi-level Intervention to Improve Asian American Health Study

Introduction: While the US health care system has the capability to provide amazing treatment
of a wide array of conditions, this care is not uniformly available to all population groups.
Oral health care is one of the dimensions of the US health care delivery system in which
striking disparities exist. More than half of the population does not visit a dentist each
year. Improving access to oral health care is a critical and necessary first step to
improving oral health outcomes and reducing disparities. Fluoride has contributed profoundly
to the improved dental health of populations worldwide and is needed regularly throughout the
life course to protect teeth against dental caries. To ensure additional gains in oral
health, fluoride toothpaste should be used routinely at all ages. Evidence-based guidelines
for annual dental visits and brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste form the basis of this
implementation science project that is intended to bridge the care gap for underserved Asian
American populations by improving access to quality oral health care and enhancing effective
oral health promotion strategies. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide information
for the design and implementation of a randomized controlled trial of a participatory,
multi-level, partnered (i.e., with community stakeholders) intervention to improve the oral
and general health of low-income Chinese American adults.

Methods: This study will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a
partnered intervention using remote data entry into an electronic health record (EHR) to
improve access to oral health care and promote oral health. The research staff will survey a
sample of Chinese American patients (planned n = 90) screened at 3 outreach centers about
their satisfaction with the partnered intervention. Providers (dentists and community health
workers), research staff, administrators, site directors, and community advisory board
members will participate in structured interviews about the partnered intervention. The
remote EHR evaluation will include group adaptation sessions and workflow analyses via
multiple recorded sessions with research staff, administrators, outreach site directors, and
providers. The study will also model knowledge held by non-patient participants to evaluate
and enhance the partnered intervention for use in future implementations.

Inclusion Criteria:

Outreach center patients will be enrolled into either or both of 2 groups.

Approximately 50 patients from each of 3 centers (n = 150) will be consented to allow their
data to be entered via the remote EHR. These EHR patient participants must meet all of the
following criteria to be enrolled:

1. Greater than or equal to 21 years of age

2. Self-identify as being of Chinese ethnicity

3. Live in any of the 5 boroughs of New York, NY and visit a participating outreach
center

4. Able and willing to provide informed consent to have their data entered into the
remote EHR

Approximately 30 patients from each of 3 centers (n = 90) will be consented to participate
in an exit interview and a follow-up interviews. These interview patient participants must
meet all of the following criteria:

1. Greater than or equal to 21 years of age

2. Self-identify as being of Chinese ethnicity

3. Live in any of the 5 boroughs of New York, NY and visit a participating outreach
center

4. Able and willing to provide informed consent and participate in an exit interview and
a follow-up interview

Approximately 20 research staff, NYU administrators, outreach center directors, and
providers (dentists and CHWs) will be enrolled to participate in interviews about the
partnered intervention and/or remote EHR. These non-patient participants must meet all of
the following criteria:

1. Greater than or equal to 18 years of age

2. Be employed or volunteers at participating outreach centers or employed at NYU

3. For CHW-staff, speak and read Mandarin Chinese

4. Able and willing to provide informed consent

Approximately 32 non-patient participants (research staff, NYU administrators, CAB members,
outreach site directors, and providers (dentists and CHWs) will be enrolled to participate
in interviews and a group model-building workshop to inform model development by sharing
their knowledge about factors that influence access to oral health care and care-seeking
behaviors among low-income, urban Chinese American adults. These individuals must meet all
of the following criteria:

1. Greater than 18 years of age

2. Be employed or volunteers at participating outreach centers or employed at NYU

3. Able and willing to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

Individuals meeting any of the following criteria will not be enrolled as either EHR
patient participants or interview patient participants:

1. Have an acute or terminal illness or a serious mental illness or any other severe
health condition(s) that might preclude visiting an oral health care provider

2. Are currently participating in another oral health study

Individuals meeting any of the following criteria will not be enrolled to complete the
interviews about the partnered intervention or remote EHR or to provide input to the
knowledge modeling activities:

1. Staff in functional areas that do not directly service patients (e.g., custodial staff)
A patient participant may participate in either the EHR patient participant group only or
both patient participant groups (interview patient participants are a subset of EHR patient
participants). A non-patient participant may participate in any or all of the non-patient
participant data collection activities. Co-participation in activities by any subject is
not required.