Look AHEAD: Action for Health in Diabetes

Look AHEAD is examining, in overweight volunteers with type 2 diabetes, the long-term effects
of an intensive lifestyle intervention program designed to achieve and maintain weight loss
by decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity. This program will be compared to
a control condition involving a program of diabetes support and education.

The primary hypothesis is that the incidence rate of the first post-randomization occurrence
of a composite outcome, which includes

cardiovascular death (including fatal myocardial infarction and stroke), non-fatal myocardial
infarction, hospitalized angina, and non-fatal stroke,

over a planned follow-up period of up to 13.5 years will be reduced among participants
assigned to the Lifestyle Intervention compared to those assigned to the control condition,
Diabetes Support and Education.

Look AHEAD will also test for reductions in the incidence of three secondary composite
outcomes and examine the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors,
diabetes control and complications, general health, and quality of life, and psychological
outcomes. The cost and cost-effectiveness of the Lifestyle Intervention relative to Diabetes
Support and Education will be assessed.

The Look AHEAD intensive lifestyle intervention ended September, 2012. Participants continue
to be followed to determine the long-term effects of the intervention on health outcomes.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Type 2 diabetes

- Overweight

- BMI of 25 kg/m2 or greater

- If on insulin, BMI of 27 kg/m2 or greater

- Blood pressure less than 160/100 mmHg

- HbA1c less or equal to 11%

- Triglycerides less than 600 mg/dl

- Willingness to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

- Unable or unwilling to give informed consent or communicate with local study staff.

- Current diagnosis of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder.

- Hospitalization for depression in past six months.

- Self-report of alcohol or substance abuse within the past twelve months.

- Current consumption of more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week.

- Current acute treatment or rehabilitation program for these problems.

- Plans to relocate to an area not served by Look AHEAD or travel plans that do not
permit full participation in the study.

- Lack of support from primary care health provider or family members.

- Failure to complete the two-week run-in for dietary intake and exercise.

- Weight loss exceeding 10 lbs. in past three months.

- Current use of medications for weight loss.

- Self reported inability to walk two blocks.

- History of bariatric surgery, small bowel resection, or extensive bowel resection.

- Chronic treatment with systemic corticosteroids.

- Another member of the household is a participant or staff member in Look AHEAD.

- Currently pregnant or nursing.

- Cancer requiring treatment in the past five years, except for non-melanoma skin
cancers or cancers that have clearly been cured.

- HIV positive (self-report), due to effects on weight and body composition of HIV and
medications used to treat HIV.

- Active tuberculosis (self-report).

- Cardiovascular disease (heart attack or procedure within the past three months).

- Participation in a cardiac rehabilitation program within last three months.

- Stroke or history/treatment for transient ischemic attacks in the past three months.

- Pulmonary embolus in past six months.

- Unstable angina pectoris or angina pectoris at rest.

- A history of cardiac arrest.

- Complex ventricular arrhythmia at rest or with exercise (e.g., ventricular
tachycardia).

- Uncontrolled atrial fibrillation (heart rate of 100 beats per minute or more).

- NYHA Class III or IV congestive heart failure.

- Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or hypertrophic myocardiopathy.

- Clinically significant aortic stenosis.

- Left bundle branch block or cardiac pacemaker unless evaluated and cleared for
participation by a cardiologist.

- Cardiac defibrillator.

- Heart transplant.

- History of aortic aneurysm of at least 7 cm in diameter or aortic aneurysm repair.

- Resting heart rate less than 45 beats per minute or greater than 100 beats per minute.

- Any abnormality during the maximum exercise stress test that indicates that it would
be unsafe to participate in the Lifestyle Intervention.

- Angina pectoris.

- Significant ST segment depression at low levels of exercise.

- Exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias.

- Abnormal hemodynamics, such as flat or decreasing systolic blood pressure with
increasing workload.

- Those at moderate to high risk for cardiac complications during exercise.

- Those who are unable to self-regulate activity or understand the recommended activity
level.

- Renal disease or dialysis.

- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that would limit ability to follow the protocol.

- Self-reported chronic hepatitis B or C or cirrhosis.

- Inflammatory bowel disease requiring treatment in past year.

- Cushing's syndrome.

- Acromegaly.

- Amputation of lower limbs as result of non-traumatic causes.

- Any major organ transplant.