Hemodialysis in the Elderly (70yrs & Older)

This will be a prospective, single institution, parallel-group, single-blinded,
randomized-controlled, two-arm, effectiveness study comparing autologous arteriovenous
fistula versus hemodialysis access grafts in the elderly. The target sample size will include
enrollment of 270 patients over a period of 5 years. The creation of an autologous
arteriovenous fistula or placement of a hemodialysis access graft constitutes the two arms of
the study.

Following the access creation the patients will be followed-up as per the standard and study
protocol for a period of 2 years from the time of access creation.

The investigators will use block randomization to achieve a patient allocation ratio of 1:1,
using varying blocks of sizes 4 and 6 in a random order as per a web-based/computer generated
system maintained as a block randomization sequence/list concealed from the blinded clinical
and trial research team until the end of trial. Patients will be randomly allocated based on
this permuted sequence to either of the two intervention groups.

Masking will be performed and shall involve blinding of the patients participating in the
trial. The research assistants involved with consenting, enrolling, data collection and
follow-up, and the statistician analyzing the outcome measures will be blinded to the group
assignment. The operating surgeon shall be blinded to the allocation process until the time
of access creation following which the knowledge regarding the type of access creation by the
surgeon is inevitable. All patients will be consented and their study related details
including history, physical evaluations, diagnostic tests, etc., will be entered on a case
report form and maintained on a web-based database. The patients will be followed-up for a
period of 2 years from the time of initial access creation until the access is abandoned or
rendered nonfunctional until the end of the study period.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Aged ≥70 years of all ethnicities, and;

- Have vascular anatomy amenable to arteriovenous fistula creation, and;

- Diagnosed with End-stage Renal Disease stage 4 (GFR 15-29 ml/min 1.73m2) or stage 5
(GFR <15ml/min 1.73m2) as per the National Kidney Foundation guidelines needing
vascular access for hemodialysis; or,

- Currently undergoing hemodialysis with a failure of previous access; or,

- Expected to undergo hemodialysis within 6 months of presentation.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Unable or refuse to abide with follow-up; or,

- Known hypercoagulability syndrome or a bleeding disorder; or,

- Intraoperative decision was made in favor of fistula instead of graft; or,

- Active infections; or,

- Evidence or suspicion of central vein stenosis but shall be included if a central vein
catheter or pacemaker is implanted as long as the patient had a venogram within past 6
months.