Investigation of Cocaine Addiction Using mGluR5 PET and fMRI

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) remains a significant public health concern that is resistant to
current treatments. Challenges to treating CUD include an imbalance in neurobiological
systems that 're-wire' the brain such that appetitive and habitual processes influence
decision-making and behavior. This research project aims to provide insight into this
reorganized circuitry in CUD by investigating neurofunctional systems related to
glutamatergic plasticity and functional brain networks during initial (2-5 days) abstinence.
To target this potentially critical period of recovery, currently-using and
non-treatment-seeking individuals with CUD will undergo a cocaine self-administration
paradigm 2-5 days prior to completing [18F]FPEB positron emission tomography (PET) and
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Healthy comparison (HC) subjects that have
participated in [18F]FPEB PET as part of other Yale approved protocols will be recruited to
participate in the fMRI portion of this study.

Aim 1: To determine the availability of mGluR5 using [18F]FPEB PET during initial abstinence
in individuals with CUD. The investigators hypothesize individuals with CUD, relative to HC,
will exhibit concurrently and regionally specific increases (e.g., in the striatum) and
decreases (e.g., in the prefrontal cortex) in mGluR5 availability.

Aim 2: To determine patterns of resting-state, response-inhibition, an automaticity related
connectivity within and between large-scale functional networks using fMRI during initial
abstinence in individuals with CUD. The investigators hypothesize network-based analyses of
fMRI will reveal lower frontoparietal and greater limbic network modulation in CUD as
compared to HC.

Aim 3: To explore the relationships between mGluR5 availability and functional network
activity during initial abstinence in individuals with CUD. The investigators will perform
multi-modal analysis of PET and fMRI data to examine links between molecular and functional
systems in CUD using emerging 'fusion' approaches. While exploratory in nature, the
investigators expect to find links between alterations in mGluR5 systems and functional
reorganization in CUD (e.g., greater dorsostriatal mGluR5 may be linked to blunted
frontoparietal inhibition).

Aim 4: To explore the relationships between mGluR5 availability, functional network activity
(and their linkages) with cocaine self-administration, disease severity and chronicity, and
psychometric assessments of impulsivity and compulsivity. While exploratory in nature, the
investigators expect more substantial neurofunctional alterations during initial abstinence
will be associated with greater cocaine self-administration, disease severity, impulsivity
and compulsivity in individuals with CUD.

Inclusion Criteria:

- All participants:

- Age 21 - 55 years

- Provide voluntary, written, informed consent

- Physically healthy by medical history, physical, neurological, ECG, and
laboratory examinations

- For females: non-lactating, no longer of child-bearing potential or agreeing to
practice effective contraception during the study (e.g., established use of oral,
injected or implanted hormonal methods of contraception; placement of an
intrauterine device [IUD] or intrauterine system [IUS]; barrier methods: condom
or occlusive cap [diaphragm or cervical/vault caps] with spermicidal
foam/gel/film/cream/suppository; male partner sterilization; true abstinence when
this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject), and a
negative serum pregnancy test

- Participants with a cocaine use disorder:

- DSM-5 criteria for moderate or severe cocaine-use disorder

- Recent street cocaine use in excess of quantities used in the current study

- Intravenous and/or smoked (crack/freebase) cocaine use

- Positive urine toxicology screen for cocaine

- Healthy comparison participants:

- Successful completion of an [18F]FPEB scan as part of another Yale approved
protocol as a healthy control/comparison subject

Exclusion Criteria:

- All participants:

- Any condition that, in the opinion of investigators, would prevent compliance
with the study protocol

- A history of significant medical or neurological illness (e.g., coronary artery
disease, significant anemia, seizures)

- Current use of psychotropic and/or potentially psychoactive medications

- Physical or laboratory evidence of pregnancy

- Meet any additional PET/MR imaging-related exclusion criteria, including:

- Presence of MRI incompatible implants and other contraindications for MRI (e.g.,
pacemaker, artificial joints, non-removable body piercings, etc.)

- Participation in other research studies involving ionizing radiation within one
year of the PET scans that would cause the participant to exceed the yearly dose
limits

- History of a bleeding disorder or are currently taking anticoagulants (such as
Coumadin, Heparin, Pradaxa, Xarelto).

- Claustrophobia

- Severe motor problems that prevent the subject from lying still for PET/MR
imaging

- Complaints of chronic pain (e.g., as the result of rheumatoid arthritis)

- Current, past or anticipated exposure to radiation in the work place

- Participants with a cocaine use disorder:

- Other drug use disorder (except for tobacco-use disorder)

- Less than 1 year of cocaine use disorder

- A DSM-5 major psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.)
unrelated to cocaine

- Healthy comparison participants:

- Any DSM-5 major psychiatric diagnosis (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.),
except tobacco-use disorder

- Positive drug screen