Study of Airway Inflammatory Responses to Experimental Rhinovirus Infection

The majority of severe exacerbations of asthma and need for hospitalizations are triggered by
infection with respiratory viruses. Of these, rhinovirus is the most commonly implicated
virus. Furthermore, there is evidence that viral infections exert synergistic effects with
other stimuli to provoke asthma symptoms such as exposure to allergens and air pollutants.
Experimental HRV infection studies have yielded important insights into the underlying
disease mechanisms of viral-induced asthma exacerbations, and have been integral to
identifying candidates for the development of new therapies. These studies have been safely
conducted in both healthy and susceptible populations (those with underlying airway disease
such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), for more than 60 years.

Much of the understanding of the clinical course of HRV infection is derived from
experimental infections of healthy human volunteers. In these studies, subjects were
inoculated intranasally with up to 10,000 [tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)] TCID50 of
HRV, the most commonly used strains being HRV-16 and HRV-39. Experimental HRV infection
produces the hallmark clinical features of the common cold including rhinorrhea and nasal
obstruction. Respiratory symptoms typically develop 1-2 days after inoculation. Cold symptom
scores generally peak 2-4 days post infection and return to baseline within 1 week in most
infected subjects. HRV infection induces changes in inflammatory cell recruitment, nasal
cytokine levels, and gene expression, which occur concurrently with clinical symptoms.

While the symptoms of HRV infection are typically limited to the upper respiratory tract in
healthy subjects, those with underlying airway disease such asthma and COPD are more likely
to exhibit an augmented and prolonged response to HRV infection with lower airway
involvement. HRV is the leading viral cause of exacerbations of asthma and COPD; therefore,
the response of these populations to HRV infection has been the focus of a number of studies.
Although most studies in asthmatics have been performed in inhaled corticosteroid-naïve
subjects, a recent study performed in subjects whose asthma was well controlled with inhaled
corticosteroids demonstrates the safety of experimental HRV infection in this population.
This model has also been employed in conjunction with other exposure models such as allergen
challenge and pollutant exposure. There are several ongoing and recently completed clinical
trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov that utilize the HRV infection model. Of these,
several employ the HRV-16 strain (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01769573, NCT01466738,
NCT01823640, NCT03073837, NCT03296917, NCT01704040, NCT02910401) being used in this study.
Both healthy and asthmatic volunteers are represented in these clinical trials.

In summary, the experimental HRV infection model has proven to be a safe and valuable tool
for examining various aspects of HRV biology. Due to the limitations associated with animal
models of asthma and COPD, and the lack of animal species that are permissive for HRVs,
experimental infection of humans with HRV has been integral for examining the pathophysiology
of virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and COPD. Although experimental HRV-infection
results in a reduction in lung function for some asthmatics and COPD patients, no serious
adverse events have been reported using this model.

The goal of this study is to establish the experimental HRV-infection model in this research
center using a viral inoculum referred to as RG-HRV-16. This strain was used in a
recently-completed safety and dosing study (NCT01769573). Our study would provide the pilot
data needed for the design of subsequent studies evaluating innate immune responses to HRV
infection in asthmatics, modulation of HRV-induced responses by inhaled pollutants, and
efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-45 years of either gender

2. Non-smoker (less than 10 cigarettes per month for at least the prior 3 years)

3. Negative pregnancy test (for females as applicable)

4. Oxygen saturation of > 94% and blood pressure with systolic value between 140-90 mm Hg
and diastolic between 80-55 mm Hg

5. Willingness to hold all nasal medications (including, but not limited to, nasal
steroids or nasal spray decongestants), oral antihistamines and leukotriene inhibitors
for at least 1 week prior to Day 0 and continuing throughout the remaining study
period.

6. Negative Allergy Skin Test (AST) at a separate screening visit performed prior to
study enrollment, University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (UNC IRB)
approved study # 98-0799, Database and Screening Protocol for Research Studies of the
Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology (CEMALB). (Results from AST
performed within the past 12 months as part of another study protocol or AST reports
from testing performed by the subject's Medical Doctor (MD) within the past 12 months
will also be accepted.)

7. Negative methacholine inhalation challenge as performed in the separate screening
protocol. (Less than a 20% decrease in Forced Exhaled Volume at 1 second (FEV1) at a
maximum methacholine concentration of 10 mg/ml).

8. Normal lung function, defined as (NHANES III predicted set):

- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) of ≥ 80 % of that predicted for gender, ethnicity,
age and height

- FEV1 of ≥ 80 % of that predicted for gender, ethnicity, age and height

- Ratio of Forced Exhaled Volume at 1 second to Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) ≥
.75

9. No nasal symptoms, based on respiratory questionnaire

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of neutralizing antibodies to RG-HRV-16 at the screening visit to a titer of
≥ 1:2.

2. Inability or unwillingness of a participant to give written informed consent

3. History of rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, or other sinus disease, or any chronic
cardiorespiratory disease

4. Subjects with household contacts with chronic lung disease, who are children under the
age of 2 years, and who are adults over the age of 65 years

5. Subjects who live in communal settings (i.e. dormitories)

6. Respiratory infection (cough, sore throat, sinusitis, fever etc) within prior 4 weeks

7. Received any live vaccine in the past 4 weeks or an inactivated vaccine within the
past 2 weeks

8. Active wheezing at the time of the Day 0 visit

9. Pregnancy or nursing or women who are currently trying to become pregnant; all female
subjects, except those who have had a hysterectomy with oophorectomy, will undergo
urine pregnancy testing on the morning of the screening visit and again on the on Day
0 at the time of arrival to the lab and prior to HRV administration. A positive
pregnancy test will exclude the subject

10. History of any immunosuppressive disease or a positive Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) test at the screening visit

11. Use of immunosuppressive drugs within the past 6 months

12. Chronic medications which, in the opinion of the study physician(s), may either
increase the risks of participation or may interfere with the findings of the study

13. Current use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents

14. Current use of antidepressants if classified as tricyclic or Monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAO) inhibitors;

15. Known hypersensitivity to methacholine or to other parasympathomimetic agents;

16. History of fainting or feeling severely dizzy with blood draws

17. History of Guillain-Barre syndrome

18. Subjects who will be unable to avoid contact with immunocompromised individuals for 3
weeks after receiving RG-HRV16

19. Past or current medical problems or findings from physical examination or laboratory
testing that are not listed above, which, in the opinion of the investigator, may pose
additional risks from participation in the study, may interfere with the participant's
ability to comply with study requirements or that may impact the quality or
interpretation of the data obtained from the study;

20. Unwillingness to use reliable contraception if sexually active (Intrauterine Device
(IUD), birth control pills/patch, condoms)

21. Mental illness or history of drug or alcohol abuse that, in the opinion of the
investigator, would interfere with the participant's ability to comply with study
requirements

22. Participation in any study using an investigational agent within 30 days of
enrollment.