Problem-Solving Therapy for People With Major Depression and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Depression is a serious illness that affects a person's mood, thoughts, and physical
well-being. Common symptoms of depression include persistent feelings of anxiety, guilt, or
hopelessness; irregular sleep and appetite patterns; lethargy; disinterest in previously
enjoyed activities; excessive irritability and restlessness; suicidal thoughts; and
inability to concentrate. Depression often occurs in the presence of one or more other
disorders. For example, depression is reported to be at a higher rate in people with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in the general population. COPD is a disease in
which the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms most commonly include
chronic coughing and shortness of breath. A primary cause of COPD is cigarette smoking.
Following a prescribed treatment plan is important for managing COPD. Unfortunately, people
with COPD often do not adhere to their treatment plans. Being depressed makes adherence even
more difficult. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of problem-solving therapy
integrated with adherence-enhanced procedures (PST-AE) in treating older people with major
depression and COPD.

Participants in this open label study will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: PST-AE
or AE. In PST-AE, a therapist will teach participants problem-solving strategies focusing on
treatment adherence, depressive symptoms, and disability. Participants will learn behaviors
and solutions to help cope with these problems. In AE, a therapist will teach participants
to identify obstacles to treatment adherence and to discover ways to overcome them. The
treatment sessions for both groups will be initiated at the inpatient Pulmonary Unit of
Burke Rehabilitation Hospital and will continue in the participants' homes. All participants
will receive two treatment sessions during hospitalization, eight weekly sessions following
discharge, and four monthly sessions after that. While hospitalized at Burke, participants
will also undergo an assessment interview for 1.5 hours and another interview for 20 minutes
2 weeks following the initial assessment. Interviews lasting 1.5 hours will also occur in
the homes of the participants at Weeks 10, 14, and 24 after discharge from Burke. All
assessments will focus on depression severity, level of general functioning, and COPD
treatment adherence.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Meets American Thoracic Society criteria for COPD

- Meets DSM-IV criteria for unipolar major depression

- Scores greater than 19 on 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

- Fluency in English sufficient for comprehending the questionnaires of the study and
for understanding the therapists

Exclusion Criteria:

- Unable to give informed consent

- Experiencing suicidal thoughts

- History of or currently meets DSM-IV criteria for the following Axis I disorders:
psychotic depression, psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder,
obsessive compulsive disorder, or current substance abuse

- Meets DSM-IV criteria for Axis II diagnosis of antisocial personality (by SCID-P and
DSM-IV)

- Scores less than 24 on Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) or meets DSM-IV criteria for
dementia

- Certain illnesses (e.g., untreated thyroid or adrenal disease, pancreatic cancer,
lymphoma)

- Taking drugs known to cause depression (e.g., reserpine, alpha-methyl-dopa, steroids)

- Current involvement in psychotherapy

- Requires nursing home placement after discharge