Gender Differences in Response to Cues in Cocaine Dependence

Inclusion Criteria:

- Subjects must be able to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual
level sufficient to allow accurate completion of all assessment instruments.

- Subjects must consent to remain abstinent from all drugs of abuse (except nicotine)
for a two-day period immediately prior to the GCRC admission. In cases where lab
results, subject self-report, or staff observation suggests that a patient has used
alcohol or drugs within two days of hospital admission, the patient will be admitted
at the discretion of on-call study staff. Nicotine dependence can affect HPA function
(Baron et al., 1995) therefore it would be ideal to exclude subjects with nicotine use
from all four groups. Because of the high comorbidity of alcohol use and cocaine
dependence, individuals with alcohol abuse or dependence will be included.
Approximately equal numbers of nicotine-dependent individuals will be recruited into
each of the study groups. Alcohol use for two days prior to testing will be
discouraged, and nicotine use immediately prior to the testing session will be
controlled.

- Subjects must consent to random assignment.

- Subjects must consent to outpatient admission at the GCRC and two overnight admissions
at the Medical University Hospital.

- Subjects must consent to a one-week and one-month follow-up visit after the GCRC
admission.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Women who are pregnant, nursing or of childbearing potential and not practicing an
effective means of birth control. Because oral contraceptives may affect HPA axis
function, the number of women on various types of oral contraceptives (triphasic vs
static) and women on depot progesterone will be balanced between groups

- Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder as this may impact on the response to the
stress test procedure (Woods et al., 1994).

- Subjects with evidence of or a history of significant hematological, endocrine,
cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, or neurological disease including
diabetes, as these conditions may affect HPA axis function.

- Subjects with any liver function test (LFTs) of greater than two times normal, as
compromised liver function can interfere with HPA axis activity (Williams & Dluhy,
1987).

- Subjects with Addison's disease, Cushing's disease or other diseases of the adrenal
cortex likely to affect HPA axis function.

- Subjects with a history of or current psychotic disorder or bipolar affective disorder
as these may interfere with HPA function.

- Subjects with current major depressive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder as
these disorders are associated with characteristic changes in HPA axis function.

- Subjects receiving synthetic glucocorticoid therapy, any exogenous steroid therapy, or
treatment with other agents that interfere with HPA axis function within one month of
the time of testing.

- Subjects taking opiates, opiate antagonists, or benzodiazepines. (Subjects who have
been maintained on SSRI's, anticonvulsants, or antipsychotics (for sleep only) for
more than 8 weeks or longer are NOT excluded).

- Subjects with any acute illness or fever as this may affect HPA axis activity.
Individuals who otherwise meet study criteria will be rescheduled for evaluation for
participation.

- Subjects who are 30% over ideal weight or have a BMI greater than 30 will be
considered for study participation based on the clinical judgment of study staff.

- Subjects who are unwilling to maintain abstinence from alcohol and other drugs of
abuse (except nicotine) for two days prior to the stress task procedure.

- Women who gave birth to a child within the past 6 months of initial screening.