Nutrition Intervention to Promote Immune Recovery From Sleep Restriction
| Status: | Recruiting |
|---|---|
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | 18 - 45 |
| Updated: | 5/20/2018 |
| Start Date: | February 12, 2018 |
| End Date: | December 2019 |
| Contact: | Tracey J Smith, PhD, RD |
| Email: | tracey.smith10.civ@mail.mil |
| Phone: | 508-233-4868 |
Physical and psychological stress on Warfighters during training and operational missions can
suppress immune responsiveness. Skin wound models can be used to detect changes in immune
function. Investigators have recently demonstrated that relatively modest sleep disruption
degrades immune response at the site of the disrupted skin barrier and delays the initial
restoration of the skin barrier. Provision of additional protein and a multi-nutrient
beverage during and after sleep restriction seems to mitigate decrements in local immune
function, without producing detectable effects on initial restoration of the skin barrier.
However, the prior work used a parallel-group study design and inter-subject variability may
have made it more difficult to detect significant differences in skin barrier restoration
between participants receiving the nutrition intervention versus those receiving the placebo.
Therefore, the purpose of the proposed cross-over study is to test the efficacy of a
multi-nutrient beverage and additional protein (1.5 g protein per kg body weight versus 0.9 g
protein per kg body weight) on immune function and the initial restoration of the skin
barrier consequent to an operational stressor (i.e., 72-h sleep restriction). The effect of
sleep restriction on a friend-foe marksmanship task, flow state, and measures of cognitive
and neuromotor performance, will be investigated as a sub-study (Appendix A). Additionally,
the effects of sleep restriction on appetite physiology, eating behaviors and intestinal
permeability will be tested. Research will be conducted in a laboratory environment using
male and female Soldiers from the human research participant detachment (NSRDEC), or Soldiers
or civilians at NSRDEC and/or USARIEM. Participants in the study described herein (n = 20)
will be exposed, in a single-blind, cross-over design to a ~72 hour normal sleep control
phase, and to 2 periods of ~72 hours of sleep restriction (monitored in laboratory with ~2-h
sleep per night) during which time eight blisters will be induced via suction on
participant's forearm and the top layer of blisters will be removed to reveal the dermal
layer of skin. In the normal sleep trial, participants will consume ~0.9 g protein per kg
body weight per day and a placebo beverage during (3 days). In the first sleep restriction
trial, participants will consume ~0.9 g protein per kg body weight per day and a placebo
beverage during (3 days) and after (5 days) sleep restriction; and, in the second sleep
restriction trial (after at least two weeks wash-out) participants will instead consume ~1.5
g protein per kg body weight and a multi-nutrient beverage (arginine: 20 g·d-1, glutamine: 30
g·d-1, zinc sulfate: 24 mg·d-1, vitamin C: 400 mg·d-1, vitamin D3: 800 IU·d-1 and omega-3
fatty acids: 1 g·d-1). Outcome measures include immune function (e.g., circulating markers of
inflammation, cytokines at the blister site, and secretory immunoglobin A), skin barrier
restoration time (by transepidermal water loss), subjective appetite ratings,
appetite-mediating hormone concentrations, food preferences and cravings, gut microbiota
composition, and intestinal permeability. Findings from this study will determine if a
nutritional intervention attenuates the loss of immune responsiveness to a military relevant
stressor (i.e., sleep restriction), and will determine the effects of acute sleep restriction
on appetite, gut microbiota composition, and intestinal permeability.
suppress immune responsiveness. Skin wound models can be used to detect changes in immune
function. Investigators have recently demonstrated that relatively modest sleep disruption
degrades immune response at the site of the disrupted skin barrier and delays the initial
restoration of the skin barrier. Provision of additional protein and a multi-nutrient
beverage during and after sleep restriction seems to mitigate decrements in local immune
function, without producing detectable effects on initial restoration of the skin barrier.
However, the prior work used a parallel-group study design and inter-subject variability may
have made it more difficult to detect significant differences in skin barrier restoration
between participants receiving the nutrition intervention versus those receiving the placebo.
Therefore, the purpose of the proposed cross-over study is to test the efficacy of a
multi-nutrient beverage and additional protein (1.5 g protein per kg body weight versus 0.9 g
protein per kg body weight) on immune function and the initial restoration of the skin
barrier consequent to an operational stressor (i.e., 72-h sleep restriction). The effect of
sleep restriction on a friend-foe marksmanship task, flow state, and measures of cognitive
and neuromotor performance, will be investigated as a sub-study (Appendix A). Additionally,
the effects of sleep restriction on appetite physiology, eating behaviors and intestinal
permeability will be tested. Research will be conducted in a laboratory environment using
male and female Soldiers from the human research participant detachment (NSRDEC), or Soldiers
or civilians at NSRDEC and/or USARIEM. Participants in the study described herein (n = 20)
will be exposed, in a single-blind, cross-over design to a ~72 hour normal sleep control
phase, and to 2 periods of ~72 hours of sleep restriction (monitored in laboratory with ~2-h
sleep per night) during which time eight blisters will be induced via suction on
participant's forearm and the top layer of blisters will be removed to reveal the dermal
layer of skin. In the normal sleep trial, participants will consume ~0.9 g protein per kg
body weight per day and a placebo beverage during (3 days). In the first sleep restriction
trial, participants will consume ~0.9 g protein per kg body weight per day and a placebo
beverage during (3 days) and after (5 days) sleep restriction; and, in the second sleep
restriction trial (after at least two weeks wash-out) participants will instead consume ~1.5
g protein per kg body weight and a multi-nutrient beverage (arginine: 20 g·d-1, glutamine: 30
g·d-1, zinc sulfate: 24 mg·d-1, vitamin C: 400 mg·d-1, vitamin D3: 800 IU·d-1 and omega-3
fatty acids: 1 g·d-1). Outcome measures include immune function (e.g., circulating markers of
inflammation, cytokines at the blister site, and secretory immunoglobin A), skin barrier
restoration time (by transepidermal water loss), subjective appetite ratings,
appetite-mediating hormone concentrations, food preferences and cravings, gut microbiota
composition, and intestinal permeability. Findings from this study will determine if a
nutritional intervention attenuates the loss of immune responsiveness to a military relevant
stressor (i.e., sleep restriction), and will determine the effects of acute sleep restriction
on appetite, gut microbiota composition, and intestinal permeability.
Inclusion Criteria:
Active duty military personnel and civilians with prior rifle marksmanship experience, and
who sleep between 7 and 9 hours per night at least 5 days per week, and are between the
ages of 18 and 45 will be invited to participate in this study.
Exclusion Criteria:
Potential participants will be excluded from participation if they:
- are under the age of 18 or over the age of 45;
- have a tattoo on either forearm; are taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(e.g., Advil), aspirin, lipid-lowering drugs or corticosteroids; pregnant or
lactating; are immune-compromised (e.g., chemotherapy or radiation treatment);
- are suffering from an autoimmune disease (e.g., lupus);
- recovering from a surgery within the past 6 months; have an injury that will prevent
physical activity;
- have a recent eye injury (within the past 6 months) or have had eye surgery within the
past year, have doctor-diagnosed dry eye syndrome;
- have a history of cardiovascular or metabolic disease; are suffering from sleep apnea;
have a history of psychiatric disorder requiring hospitalization or have taken
psychiatric medication (e.g., anti-depressants or anti-anxiety medication) within the
past three years for any length of time;
- are suffering from any neurological disorder (e.g., epilepsy or other seizure
disorder, narcolepsy or other sleep disorders, or multiple sclerosis);
- have a history of gastrointestinal disease (such as celiac disease, irritable bowel
syndrome, colitis, and Crohn's disease), have taken oral antibiotics within the 3
months prior to study participation;
- and have a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30;
- have speech, facial or muscle disorder or injuries preventing them from producing a
normal range of hand or finger motion.
- Participants will be asked not to sign the consent form if they regularly (more than 2
days per week) sleep less than 7 hours or more than 9 hours per night; or, take a nap
3 or more days per week.
- Potential participants will also be excluded from participation if they will feel
uncomfortable handling a weapon, shooting at silhouette targets, have an injury that
will impair firing a rifle, have ever been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress
disorder, are unable to distinguish the color "red" from the color "black", or have a
bowel movement less frequently than every-other-day.
- Potential participants also must agree to abstain from smoking, chewing or vaping
tobacco or nicotine-containing products during the live-in portions of the study.
- Participants must be able to speak and read English fluently and will require a
general medical clearance.
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Natick, Massachusetts 01760
Phone: 508-233-4868
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