Effects of C-section Delivery on Infant Brain Development

For this study, the investigators are enrolling women who are pregnant with their second
child who are planning to have a planned C-section or a spontaneous vaginal birth after
C-section. The investigators will see the pregnant mom at 36 weeks pregnant and then have the
mom and the baby return for a visit at 2 weeks postnatal.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Conceived without fertility treatments

- Singleton pregnancy recruited at or before 36 weeks of gestation

- Second parity with planned repeated C-section delivery or with planned spontaneous
vaginal delivery after C-section.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Preexisting medical conditions

- Sexually transmitted diseases

- Medical complications developed during pregnancy

- Medical complications developed during labor and delivery

- Emergency c-section delivery

- Infants born preterm or post-term

- Infants needing mechanical ventilation, have congenital abnormalities, birth defects,
intrauterine growth restriction, low Apgar score (<7), or other medical issues
developed at birth or before 2 weeks of age affecting the outcome of interest as
determined by the PI.