North Carolina Genomic Evaluation by Next-generation Exome Sequencing, 2

The NCGENES 2 study is part of the "Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER2)"
- Clinical Sites with Enhanced Diversity (U01), and brings together interdisciplinary experts
from across North Carolina to address questions critical to the translation of genomic
medicine to the care of patients with suspected genetic disorders.

In this renewal of the initial NCGENES study, NCGENES 2 will carry out a clinical trial of
exome sequencing as a diagnostic test to answer the next set of questions vital to making
genome-scale sequencing a routine clinical tool. The study population will be drawn from a
state-wide network of Clinical Genetics and Pediatric Neurology clinics -- clinical domains
in which patients are enriched for phenotypes caused by heterogeneous genetic conditions.
Exome sequencing and genome sequencing (ES/GS) are efficient means of establishing a
molecular diagnosis in these populations, with yields of positive or possible diagnostic
results in at least 30% of patients examined based on findings from NCGENES and other work.
Evidence will be generated regarding the clinical utility of ES/GS using a prospective
randomized controlled trial that compares usual care plus exome sequencing to usual care.
Patient-reported data, electronic health records data, and administrative claims data will be
used to evaluate defined health outcomes, in collaboration with experts in health economics
and health services research, to address pressing questions about the utility of exome
sequencing. Furthermore, an examination of communication between patients and physicians, and
between physicians and laboratories, and how these critical interactions affect the utility
of genomic sequencing will be conducted. A second, nested randomized trial (crossed with
exome sequencing in a full-factorial design) will be incorporated to test the hypothesis that
a theory-based, multi-component pre-clinic preparation intervention for patients will improve
patient-centered outcomes. An "embedded Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)"
component will provide feedback to providers regarding communication discrepancies to
iteratively improve care. Finally, the challenges of integrating clinical data and genomic
information across a state-wide network of sites and examining different models of
interaction between genomic clinicians and molecular diagnostic laboratorians will be
explored.

Both children and parents are participants:

Inclusion Criteria:

Parents meeting the following criteria:

1. Parent of a child who meets the criteria below

2. At least 18 years old.

3. Must be able to provide informed consent for child and self.

4. Must be fluent in English or Spanish.

Children meeting the following criteria:

1. Infants and children 15 years old or less.

2. Referred for initial evaluation of a possible monogenic disorder OR

3. Seen for evaluation of an undiagnosed disorder in a study-associated clinic.

Exclusion Criteria:

Parents:

1. Younger than 18 years old.

2. Unwilling to complete study surveys and other procedures.

3. Have cognitive or other impairments precluding ability to provide giving informed
consent.

4. Not fluent in English or Spanish.

5. Unable to attend all clinic visits

Children:

1. Have a known genetic or non-genetic diagnosis (only referred for counseling or
management).

2. Medically unstable.