Investigation of Dietary Absorptive Capacity of Fructans in Healthy Subjects - A Dose Response Study

Fructan is a carbohydrate polymer that is composed of fructose and a terminal glucose moiety
. Fructans are naturally found in artichokes (6.1 grams/serving), leeks (5.9 grams/serving),
onion bulbs (1.01 grams/serving), flour (4.0 grams/serving), garlic (.52 grams/serving),
watermelon (.92 grams/serving), nectarines (.27 grams/serving) and white peaches (.50
grams/serving). Because fructans are present in many common foods, people typically ingest
high levels of fructan. The most common structural forms of fructan are inulin, levanare and
geraminan . The human body absorbs only 5% of fructan, however it is estimated that the daily
intake in the USA may vary between 1-20 grams, and possibly higher due to the recently
discovered benefits of inulins . Dietary trends indicate that high levels of fructans are
common in the European and American diet, as more wheat based products such as breakfast
cereal, pasta, and bread are consumed.

Fructans may not be well tolerated by some subjects and its malabsorption may result in
gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as heartburn, belching, abdominal pain, diarrhea, gas,
and bloating; and this is especially true when higher doses are ingested. Unlike glucose,
fructans are not efficiently digested or absorbed by the small intestine. The mechanism for
malabsorption is related to the inability to hydrolyze glycosidic linkages in the complex
polysaccharide, resulting in the delivery of malabsorbed fructans to the large bowel1. In the
colon, the malabsorbed fructans are rapidly fermented, and byproducts of this fermentation
include H2, CH4, and other gases that may contribute to bowel symptoms. Furthermore, the
small molecular nature of fructans results in an osmotic effect which draws more water into
the small intestine and causes bloating and diarrhea.

Ingestion of high doses of fructans can cause symptoms in healthy adults, but may cause more
bothersome symptoms in subjects with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Earlier studies have
identified that IBS affects between 10 and 15% of the population in the United States.
Ingestion of 10-20 grams of fructan daily may cause symptoms of IBS, and restricting fructan
intake in a diet may reduce symptoms in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. One study
recently published found that dietary restriction of fructan and fructose was responsible for
symptomatic improvement in patients with IBS.

Hypothesis:

The investigators hypothesize that healthy individuals will absorb fructan 7.5 gram and 10
gram doses, and will experience malabsorption at the 12.5 gram fructan dose.