Effects of Spinal Stabilization Exercises on Dynamic Balance and Functional Performance in Adults With Low Back Pain

Participants will be required to wear a pair of shorts, a loose T-shirt, and a pair of tennis
shoes for this study. On the first visit, the investigators will do some tests to make sure
that potential participant has good feeling and strength in his/her legs. Next, each
participant will fill out a few forms asking about daily function and back pain. Then, the
investigators will ask the participant to perform a balance test and seven functional tests.
Two investigators will be there to give these tests.

During the balance test, each participant will stand on one leg and reach out for a distance
with the other leg. During the functional tests, the participant will perform 7 different
tasks, including a deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight
leg raise, rotary stability and trunk stability push-up. The investigators will demonstrate
these tests before the participant perform them.

After the balance and functional tests, each participant will be randomly assigned to one of
the exercise programs. One of the investigators will instruct each participant to do the
appropriate exercises depending on his/her ability and pain level.

After the first visit, participants will be asked to come back 1-2 times per week for 4 weeks
so the investigators can update participants' exercise program and make sure that
participants do each exercise in the correct form. Each follow-up visit will take about 30
minutes. In addition to the physical therapy visits, the investigators will ask participants
to do the most updated exercises at home once a day and at least 5 times a week. The
investigators will give each participant an exercise log to track the frequency of the home
exercise sessions. At the end of the 4 weeks, participants will come to the last physical
therapy session and will be asked to continue to do the updated exercises at home once a day
and at least 5 times a week for another 4 weeks until the 8-week follow-up visit.

At the 2-week, 4-week and 8-week follow-up visit, the investigators will repeat the balance
and the 7 functional tests.

Each testing session will last about 30 minutes. The testing sessions at 2 and 4 weeks will
be done on the same visit of physical therapy for the participants' exercise sessions. During
the 8-week follow-up visit, the investigators will ask the participants to fill out the forms
about their daily function and back pain in addition to the balance and 7 functional tests.
At the end of the 8 weeks, if the participants wish to have the other exercises, the
investigators will instruct them with those exercises.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals between the age of 18 to 65 years

2. Individuals who have low back pain (LBP) for 6 weeks or more

3. ability to understand, speak, and follow verbal instructions in English

4. the average pain level of at least 2 out of 10 in the past week

Exclusion Criteria:

1. serious spinal conditions such as fracture, infection, or tumor

2. signs of nerve root compression

3. a history of lower extremity or lumbar spine surgery

4. a history of hip, knee, or ankle pain in the previous two years

5. current pregnancy

6. systemic joint disease (e.g. rheumatologic or neurological disorders)

7. vestibular or other balance disorders

8. ongoing treatment for inner ear, sinus, or upper respiratory infection

9. concussion within the previous three months

10. a history of falls or fear of falling

11. a need for any form of walking aids (cane, walker)