Comparative Effectiveness of MRgFUS Versus CTgRFA for Osteoid Osteomas

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men and women ages ≥ 10 years old.

2. Diagnosis of osteoid osteoma as confirmed when a musculoskeletal radiologist and
orthopedic oncologist agree that a patient's imaging and clinical history are most
compatible with the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. A patient referred by a clinician
other than orthopedic oncologist will require a clinic visit with an orthopedic
oncologist for study inclusion.

3. Patients must have medically uncontrolled pain from an osteoid osteoma, as defined by
pain, which, in the view of the referring orthopedic oncologist significantly
interferes with that patient's activities of daily living. Pain may be refractory to
management with medications because of inadequate pain control, or because of side
effects of the pain medication.

4. If patients have an additional site of pain, it must be 2 points less severe and
distinguishable from the pain at the osteoid osteoma site.

5. Patients (or guardians/parents) who are able and willing to give consent (or assent
where applicable) and able to attend all study visits.

6. No prior interventional therapy for the osteoid osteoma.

7. Able to safely undergo MRI exam, tolerate being in an MRI scanner, and receive
anesthesia/sedation for the treatment.

8. Targeted bone/tumor interface is accessible to the ExAblate device and located in a
rib, extremity (excluding intra-articular location), pelvis, shoulders (including
clavicles), or the sternum.

9. Targeted lesion must be deeper than 1 cm from the skin.

10. Targeted lesion must be clearly visible by non-contrast MRI.

11. Karnofsky Performance Status > 60.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients a) who need surgical stabilization of the affected bone (elevated fracture
risk) or b) whose targeted tumor is at an impending fracture site, as determined by
the referring orthopedic oncologist.

2. Targeted tumor in the skull/spine.

3. Targeted tumor is < 1 cm from a major nerve.

4. Pregnancy.

5. Patients with an acute medical condition (e.g. pneumonia, sepsis) that is expected to
hinder them from completing this study.

6. Patients with unstable cardiac status including: patients on anti-arrhythmic drugs,
unstable angina pectoris, documented myocardial infarction within six months of
protocol entry, congestive heart failure requiring medication (other than diuretic).

7. Severe hypertension (diastolic BP > 100 on medication)

8. Patients with standard contraindications for MR imaging such as non-MRI compatible
implanted metallic devices.

9. Patients with an active infection or severe hematological, neurological, or other
uncontrolled disease.

10. Severe cerebrovascular disease.

11. Known intolerance or allergy to medications used for sedation/anesthesia.

12. Known intolerance or allergy to MR contrast agent (gadolinium chelates).

13. Patients unable to communicate with the investigator and staff.

14. Patients with persistent pain undistinguishable from the target lesion.