Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates and the Ileal Brake
| Status: | Completed |
|---|---|
| Conditions: | Obesity Weight Loss, Diabetes, Diabetes |
| Therapuetic Areas: | Endocrinology |
| Healthy: | No |
| Age Range: | 18 - 50 |
| Updated: | 8/16/2018 |
| Start Date: | June 2, 2015 |
| End Date: | July 31, 2015 |
Impact of Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates on Gastric Emptying Rate Suggests Activation of Ileal Brake Response
The ileal brake is a feedback mechanism controlling stomach-mediated transit of a meal, for
which gastric emptying can be used as an indicator. Previously, slowly digestible
carbohydrates (SDCs) were shown to activate the ileal brake in a rat model; the current
research aimed to determine the effect of common SDCs in humans.
which gastric emptying can be used as an indicator. Previously, slowly digestible
carbohydrates (SDCs) were shown to activate the ileal brake in a rat model; the current
research aimed to determine the effect of common SDCs in humans.
Diets containing slowly digestible carbohydrates (SDCs), in the form of starch-entrapped
microspheres that digest into the ileum, were previously shown to reduce food intake in a
diet-induced obese rat model by activating the gut-brain axis. These results suggested that
SDCs trigger the ileal brake, which is a feedback mechanism controlling stomach-mediated
transit of a meal. The ileal brake is characterized by delayed gastric emptying rate and
increased satiety. The goal of this work was to determine if common SDCs trigger the ileal
brake in humans, using gastric emptying rate as a proxy indicator. In a human study, SDCs
were delivered through a semi-solid yogurt matrix, and gastric half-emptying time and
postprandial glycemic response were assessed. The study was a five-arm, double-blind,
crossover design with a one-week washout period between treatments (n=20, 9 females, 11
males). Four different carbohydrate ingredients (SDCs: isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO),
Xtend® sucromalt, and raw corn starch; and non-SDC: maltodextrin) were incorporated
individually, or in combination, into yogurt products matched in energy density and
viscosity. Participants consumed 300 g test meals of yogurt formulated with one or a
combination of the carbohydrate ingredients after an overnight fast. Gastric emptying rates
and glycemic response were measured using a 13C-labeled octanoic acid breath test and
continuous glucose monitors, respectively. Glucose readings were continuously monitored 24 h
prior to and 48 h after test meal consumption, and breath samples were collected for a 4 h
period following test meal consumption.
microspheres that digest into the ileum, were previously shown to reduce food intake in a
diet-induced obese rat model by activating the gut-brain axis. These results suggested that
SDCs trigger the ileal brake, which is a feedback mechanism controlling stomach-mediated
transit of a meal. The ileal brake is characterized by delayed gastric emptying rate and
increased satiety. The goal of this work was to determine if common SDCs trigger the ileal
brake in humans, using gastric emptying rate as a proxy indicator. In a human study, SDCs
were delivered through a semi-solid yogurt matrix, and gastric half-emptying time and
postprandial glycemic response were assessed. The study was a five-arm, double-blind,
crossover design with a one-week washout period between treatments (n=20, 9 females, 11
males). Four different carbohydrate ingredients (SDCs: isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO),
Xtend® sucromalt, and raw corn starch; and non-SDC: maltodextrin) were incorporated
individually, or in combination, into yogurt products matched in energy density and
viscosity. Participants consumed 300 g test meals of yogurt formulated with one or a
combination of the carbohydrate ingredients after an overnight fast. Gastric emptying rates
and glycemic response were measured using a 13C-labeled octanoic acid breath test and
continuous glucose monitors, respectively. Glucose readings were continuously monitored 24 h
prior to and 48 h after test meal consumption, and breath samples were collected for a 4 h
period following test meal consumption.
Inclusion Criteria:
- BMI 18.5 - 25 kg/m2
- Stable weight for the past 3 months (i.e. +/- 2..5 kg)
- Regular eating patterns, including breakfast consumption
Exclusion Criteria:
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Smokers
- Peri- or post-menopausal women
- Celiac disease (yogurts may contain ingredients with wheat origin)
- Allergies, including dairy, lactose, and gluten
- Pregnant and lactating women
- Following a weight reduction program or having followed one during the last 3 months
- Acute or chronic disease
- Alcohol consumption > 30 units/week
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Previous bariatric surgery
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