Iron Parameters in Non-anemic First Trimester Gravidas

The 2015 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) stated "there is insufficient
evidence to recommend the routine screening for iron deficiency in non-anemic gravidas". The
basis for this recommendation is the lack maternal or fetal outcome data in this population.
To date, there are no guidelines for the treatment of non-anemic, iron deficiency pregnancy
women with or without anemia. Obstetricians and gynecologists often do not screen for iron
deficiency unless the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is reduced even in the presence of a
reduced hemoglobin. Iron deficiency occurs prior to a decrement in hemoglobin concentration,
followed by a decrease in the MCV which occurs after. Subsequently, if these recommendation
are followed up to 50% of iron deficient pregnant women remain undiagnosed.

While prospective studies may be absent proving that routine screening and supplementation is
beneficial, there is ample evidence that iron deficiency in mothers and infants results in
significant morbidity, even in the absence of anemia. Fetal, neonatal and childhood brain
growth and development require iron, with deficiencies resulting with adverse effects on
myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis and brain programming. There is a two-fold incidence
of preterm birth, three-fold increase in low birth weight and small for gestational age
infants. In addition to negative effects on the fetus, maternal iron deficiency is associated
with an increased risk for caesarean delivery, transfusion, perinatal bleeding,
pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, poor wound healing, cardiac failure and even death. Of
note, using existing guidelines infants are not screened for iron deficiency even if they are
at high risk (preterm, infants of diabetic mothers, smokers or those with intrauterine growth
restriction.

Published evidence suggests that when iron deficiency is present later in pregnancy in the
mother, adequate iron delivery to the fetus does not occur. In a prospective study of 2400
urban women with iron deficiency in the second and third trimesters, while supplementation
resulted in a significant improvement in maternal hemoglobin concentrations and iron
parameters, over 45% of infants were iron deficient at birth.

Subsequently, while prospective studies are lacking supporting routine screening and iron
supplementation, high quality published evidence imputing a litany of morbid events
associated with iron deficiency, calls into question the recommendations of the USPSTF. Until
such evidence is available based on the preponderance of evidence supporting absence of harm
with either screening or supplementation we believe all gravidas presenting to their
obstetricians should be screened for iron deficiency.

We propose a prospective observation study of one hundred consecutive, non-selected,
non-anemic, first trimester pregnant women to have iron parameters added to their routine
laboratory tests. While we realize this is not standard, many practices already have adopted
this screening process. We intend to redact all demographic patient information and expect to
incur no uncovered costs. As a result we believe neither investigational review board or
informed consent is necessary. In hundreds of patients so screened we have encountered no
insurance pushback. The additional tests will include only serum iron, total iron binding
capacity (TIBC), percent transferrin saturation (Fe/TIBC) and serum ferritin. The data will
be stratified by parity.

We anticipate to find an incidence of iron deficiency of 30-40% based on either a low TSAT or
low serum ferritin. Such a finding should motivate properly powered, prospective outcome
analyses supporting a new paradigm that incorporating the low cost screening for iron
deficiency accompany standard screening tests at the beginning of pregnancy irrespective of
the presence or absence of anemia.

Inclusion Criteria:

- Pregnant in first trimester

- Non-anemic

Exclusion Criteria:

- anemia