Development of a Novel Transdiagnostic Intervention for Anhedonia

Deficits in motivation and pleasure, together referred to as anhedonia, are implicated in a
number of psychiatric illnesses, including mood and anxiety disorders, substance-use
disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. As a result,
constructs related to anhedonia are central to the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
project. Anhedonia is often one of the most difficult psychiatric symptoms to treat and thus
represents a critical endophenotype and vulnerability factor for a range of psychiatric
disorders. Given the centrality of anhedonia to a large number of psychiatric disorders,
improved interventions to treat motivation and pleasure are critical for these disorders. The
overall goal of this R61/R33 project is to develop a novel transdiagnostic treatment for
anhedonia, called Behavioral Activation Treatment for Anhedonia (BATA). This new intervention
is designed to treat anhedonia by emphasizing supported engagement with personally relevant
goals and reducing avoidance behaviors. Consistent with the objectives and milestones
outlined in RFA-MH-16-406 ("Exploratory Clinical Trials of Novel Interventions for Mental
Disorders"), in the R61 phase of this trial we propose to use an experimental therapeutics
approach to first evaluate mesocorticolimbic target engagement by this treatment in a
transdiagnostic sample characterized by clinically impairing anhedonia (Aim 1). Specifically,
we will examine the effects of this treatment, relative to an active comparison treatment, on
caudate nucleus activation during reward anticipation and rostral anterior cingulate cortex
activation during reward outcomes using ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance
imaging. In this phase of the project, we will also use fMRI to determine the optimal dose of
the intervention (Aim 2).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. 18-50 years old and treatment seeking;

2. SHAPS scores ≥ 20, corresponding to clinically significant anhedonia;

3. Clinician's Global Impression Scale-Severity score (CGI-S) > 3 to assure a clinically
impaired sample;

4. Seeking treatment for anhedonia (i.e., referred from an outpatient clinic or responded
to an advertisement for anhedonia treatment; endorses desire for treatment during
screening).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Those for whom medication management is the primary gold-standard treatment, including
those with bipolar disorder/mania, schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic
disorders;

2. Prior treatment with behavioral activation therapy for depression or mindfulness-based
treatments (those with exposure to other forms of psychotherapy, e.g., supportive
therapy, will be eligible);

3. Those who may have difficulty understanding the cognitive components of BATA,
including those with intellectual disability, neurocognitive disorders, and
dissociative disorders;

4. Feeding and eating disorders which may have confounding effects on the fMRI signal;

5. Substance Use Disorders given confounding effects of substances of abuse on the fMRI
signal;

6. Suicidal intent and plan;

7. Psychotropic medication use in the past 4 weeks (8 weeks for fluoxetine) and/or
current psychotherapy. Participants must be medication-free at study entry; study
personnel will not supervise medication taper for the purpose of the study, but those
who taper under the supervision of their regular provider will be eligible;

8. Currently pregnant, as measured by urine pregnancy screen immediately before MRI
scans;

9. Positive urinalysis screen for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, methadone, amphetamines,
and benzodiazepines (conducted on-site via Biosite Triage Meter Plus) at study entry.

10. No neurological conditions (e.g., history of stroke, seizure, or TBI);

11. Contraindications for fMRI imaging: Metal in the body, dental work that is not
fillings or gold, any tattoos, any metal in the body, any metal injury - especially
those to the eyes, any other type of implant unless they are 100% plastic.