Anesthetics and Analgesics in Children

This is a research study to find out what the side effects are of certain drugs that are
commonly used for pain (hydromorphone) and to put people to sleep for surgery (ketamine). The
researchers also want to know how the drug is broken down in the body. Participants will be
given these drugs as they are prescribed by their regular doctor. As part of the
participant's standard of care, doctors will perform tests, ask questions, review medical
information and measure vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, etc). The researchers will
collect information that doctors have already written in the medical records. The research
study team will collect blood from participants at certain time points depending on when the
participant was first given the drug (up to 5 samples over the course of 10 to 48 hours).
Parents will complete questionnaires about the study participant. Parents will continue to
complete those same questionnaires for up to 12 months after the participant was first given
the drug.

Inclusion Criteria:

- 2 years to < 18 years at the time of enrollment

- Parent is able to understand the consent process and provides informed consent/HIPAA

- Participant provides assent and as required by the institutional review board

- Receiving one or more drugs of interest (DOI) per local standard of care meeting
DOI-specific inclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

- Known pregnancy

- Extracorporeal life support (i.e., Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, dialysis,
ventricular assist device)

- Any condition which would make the participant, in the opinion of the investigator,
unsuitable for the study