A Therapeutic Workplace to Address Poverty and Substance Use

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. High magnitude and long-duration voucher-based
abstinence reinforcement is one of the most effective treatments for alcohol and drug
addiction and can maintain abstinence over extended periods of time, but practical methods of
implementing these interventions are needed. Workplaces could be ideal and practical vehicles
for arranging and maintaining abstinence reinforcement over long time periods. Investigators'
research on a model Therapeutic Workplace has shown that employment-based abstinence
reinforcement, in which participants must provide alcohol- or drug-free urine samples to
maintain maximum pay, can maintain alcohol and drug abstinence. Now investigators need to
develop effective and economically sound methods to arrange long-term exposure to
employment-based abstinence reinforcement. Investigators are proposing to evaluate the
effectiveness and economic benefits of a Wage Supplement Model of arranging long-term
exposure to employment-based abstinence reinforcement. Under this model, successful
Therapeutic Workplace participants are offered abstinence-contingent wage supplements if they
obtain and maintain competitive employment. Governments have used wage supplements
effectively to increase employment in welfare recipients. The Wage Supplement Model harnesses
the power of wage supplements to promote employment, while simultaneously using the wage
supplements to reinforce drug and alcohol abstinence. The intervention will combine 3
elements -- the Therapeutic Workplace, Individual Placement and Support (IPS) supported
employment, and abstinence-contingent wage supplements. IPS is a supported employment
intervention that has been proven effective in promoting employment in adults with severe
mental illness. Under this model, participants will be exposed to the Therapeutic Workplace
to initiate abstinence and establish job skills. To promote employment and prevent relapse to
drug use, participants will receive IPS Plus Abstinence-Contingent Wage Supplements. A
randomized trial will evaluate the effectiveness and economic benefits of the
Abstinence-Contingent Wage Supplement Model in promoting employment and sustaining drug
abstinence. Participants will be enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace for 3 months and then
randomly assigned to a Usual Care Control group or an IPS Plus Abstinence-Contingent Wage
Supplement group for one year. Usual Care Control participants will be offered counseling and
referrals to employment and treatment programs. IPS Plus Abstinence-Contingent Wage
Supplement participants will receive the IPS intervention and abstinence-contingent wage
supplements. This novel intervention could be an effective and economically sound way to
promote long-term employment and drug abstinence.