(R33 Phase) Delish Study: Diabetes Education to Lower Insulin, Sugars, and Hunger

We will randomize 120 persons with T2DM in a 1:1 ratio to a nutrition education alone arm (Ed
n=60) vs. a nutrition education with mindfulness-based intervention components (Ed+MBI n=60)
arm and follow them for 12 months. The interventions will be provided in a weekly group
setting, with about 10 to 12 persons per group. Some educational intervention components will
be delivered using a smartphone app. After the 12-week initial intervention, we will
re-randomize participants using an adaptive intervention design to receive low, medium, or
high intensity maintenance training, depending on level of adherence achieved during the
initial intervention period. Follow-up assessments will be performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12
months. We will address the following specific aims:

1. Test the hypothesis that the Ed+MBI arm will have better dietary adherence than the Ed
arm.

2. Test whether our proposed behavioral mechanisms (e.g. decreased eating in response to
cravings or difficult emotions) predict dietary adherence.

3. Compare randomized arms in the adaptive maintenance intervention design to optimize
maintenance phase dosing in future trials.

4. Obtain preliminary assessment of intervention effects on clinical outcomes

This is the second phase of a two-phase study. Pilot testing has been completed in the first
phase (R61). The second phase (R33) will include employing an adaptive intervention design in
the post-treatment phase to test optimization of the maintenance intervention (i.e. assigning
maintenance intensity/dose based on how a participant is doing). We will use fingerstick
blood ketone measures, which provide an objective measure of whether the target levels of
carbohydrate restriction have been attained, as our primary adherence outcome measure. This
will be supplemented by 24-hour diet recall measures of carbohydrate consumption. Important
secondary outcome measures will include clinical measures such as glycosylated hemoglobin and
behavioral measures such as frequency of eating in response to food cravings.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. History of T2DM mellitus.

2. HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and < 12.0% at screening.

3. Experience food-related cravings most days of the week and eat in response to these
cravings regularly.

4. Aged 18 years old and older.

5. Able to engage in light physical activity.

6. Willing and able to participate in the interventions including appropriate
participation in the group setting.

7. Have smartphone and are willing to use it on a regular basis for data collection.

8. Ability to speak English.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unable to provide informed consent.

2. A substance abuse, mental health, or medical condition that, in the opinion of
investigators, will make it difficult for the potential participant to participate in
the intervention, that may need immediate changes in medical management that will
affect study outcome measures, or that may require important adaptations in the study
diet.

3. Pregnant or planning to get pregnant in the next 12 months, breastfeeding or less than
6 months post-partum.

4. Current use of weight loss medications, such as Alli or amphetamine-based drugs that
may affect weight.

5. Planned or history of weight-loss (bariatric) surgery, or other intestinal surgeries
that cause malabsorption. These are likely to change study outcome measures, making it
difficult to distinguish the effects of the intervention program, or require extensive
tailoring of the diet intervention.

6. Currently enrolled in a weight loss program, such as Weight Watchers or a self-help
group such as Overeaters Anonymous, or have unalterable plans to enroll in one of
these programs in the next year; using a ketogenic low carbohydrate diet in the past 6
months with advice from a health care professional; or use of a mindful eating program
with guidance from a professional in the past 6 months or have ever used the study
mindful-eating app.

7. Vegan or vegetarian.

8. Unwilling to do regular blood testing at home for glucose or ketone monitoring.